El miʿrāǧ de Muḥammad según Baldassarre Loyola Mandes S.J. (1631-1667).Fuentes, controversia y cristianización de una tradición islámica

Federico  Stella

doi:10.3989/alqantara.2021.015

Autores/as

Federico Stella Università degli Studi di Napoli L’Orientale https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2868-6556

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3989/alqantara.2021.015

Palabras clave:

Baldassarre Loyola Mandes, miʿrāǧ, Compañía de Jesús, islam, cristianismo, ḥadīṯ, controversia, relaciones cristiano-musulmanas, conversión

Resumen

El artículo versa sobre una versión latina desconocida del miʿrāǧ que el autor ha descubierto en el Archivo de la Pontificia Universidad Gregoriana dentro de un opúsculo escrito por Baldassarre Loyola Mandes S.J. (1631-1667), un príncipe musulmán marroquí convertido al cristianismo que luego entró en la Compañía de Jesús. El objetivo del artículo será demostrar cómo este miʿrāǧ latino se basó en una fuente árabe relacionada con la literatura de ḥadīṯ. Como método para alcanzar nuestro objetivo, haremos un estudio comparativo de las fuentes de las que Baldassare pudo tener conocimiento. Además, mostraremos el modo en que Baldassarre intentó no solo polemizar con la tradición islámica, sino también las estrategias que utilizó para cristianizarla.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Citas

Alonso Acero, Beatriz, Sultanes de Berbería en tierras de la cristiandad: exilio musulmán, conversión y asimilación en la Monarquía hispánica (siglos XVI y XVII), Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2006.

Asín Palacios, Miguel, Dante y el Islam, Madrid, Editorial Voluntad S.A., 1927.

Balserak, Jon, "The Renaissance Impulses that drove Theodor Bibliander to Publish Machumetis Saracenorum", Muslim World, 107 (2017), pp. 684-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/muwo.12216

Bell, Richard, "Muhammad and Previous Messengers", The Moslem World, 24 (1934), pp. 330-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.1934.tb00314.x

Bencheikh, Jamel Eddine, "Miʿrādj. 1. In Islamic exegesis and in the popular and mystical tradition of the Arab World", in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn, Leiden-New York, Brill, 1993, vol. VII, p. 97.

Bencheikh, Jamel Eddine, "Miʿrādj. 2. In Arabic Literature", in The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edn, Leiden-New York, Brill, 1993, vol. VII, p. 100.

Bertaina, David, "The Arabic Version of the Liber Denudationis: How Fāṭimid Controversies Shaped Medieval European Views of Islam", Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 31, 4 (2020), pp. 425-443. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2021.1872925

Bevilacqua, Alexander, The Republic of Arabic Letters. Islam and the European Enlightenment, Cambridge-London, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2018.

Bono, Salvatore, "Conversioni di musulmani al cristianesimo", in Bartolomé Benassar and Robert Sauzet (eds.), Chrétiens et Musulmans à la Renaissance. Actes du 37e colloque international du CESR (1994), Paris, Honoré Champion Éditeur, 1998, pp. 429-445.

Capezzone, Leonardo, "Intorno alla rimozione delle fonti arabe dalla storia della cultura medievale europea, e sul silenzio di Dante", Critica del testo, 14, 2 (2011), pp. 523-543.

Celli, Andrea, "Gli studi di Enrico Cerulli su Dante", Doctor Virtualis, 12 (2013), pp. 35-73, [online] .

Cerulli, Enrico, Il "Libro della scala" e la questione delle fonti arabo-spagnole della Divina Commedia, Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1949.

Cerulli, Enrico, Nuove ricerche sul Libro della Scala e l'Islam in Occidente, Città del Vaticano, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1973.

Colby, Frederick S., Narrating Muḥammad's Night Journey. Tracing the Development of the Ibn ʿAbbās Ascension Discourse, Albany, State University of New York Press, 2008.

Colombo, Emanuele, Convertire i musulmani. L'esperienza di un gesuita spagnolo del seicento, Milano, Bruno Mondadori, 2007.

Colombo, Emanuele, "Jesuits and Islam in Seventeenth-Century Europe: War, Preaching and Conversions", in Bernard Heyberger, Mercedes García-Arenal, Emanuele Colombo and Paola Vismara (eds.), L'Islam visto da Occidente. Cultura e religione del Seicento europeo di fronte all'Islam, Milano-Genova, Marietti, 2009, pp. 315-340.

Colombo, Emanuele, "La Compagnia di Gesù e l'evangelizzazione dei Musulmani nella Spagna del Seicento: il caso González", Revue Mabillon, 81 (2009), pp. 203-227. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.RM.5.101149

Colombo, Emanuele, "Baldassarre Loyola de Mandes (1631-1667), prince de Fez et jésuite", in Bernard Vincent and Jocelyn Dakhlia (eds.), Les Musulmans dans l'histoire de l'Europe, Paris, Éditions Albin Michel, 2011, vol. I, pp. 159-193.

Colombo, Emanuele, "Even among Turks. Tirso González de Santalla (1624-1705) and Islam", Studies on Jesuit Spirituality, 44 (2012), pp. 1-41, [online] , available on: <https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/jesuit/article/view/2706> [consulted 17/05/2021] .

Colombo, Emanuele, "A Muslim Turned Jesuit: Baldassarre Loyola Mandes (1631-1667)", Journal of Early Modern History, 17 (2013), pp. 479-504. https://doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342378

Colombo, Emanuele, "Defeating the Infidels, Helping Their Souls. Ignatius Loyola and Islam", in Robert Aleksander Maryks (ed.), A Companion to Ignatius of Loyola. Life, Writings, Spirituality, Influence, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2014, pp. 179-197. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004280601_012

Colombo, Emanuele, "'La setta malvagia dell'Alcorano'. Emmanuele Sanz, S.J. (1646-1719) e il Breve trattato per convertire i Turchi", Rivista di storia e letteratura religiosa, 51, 3 (2015), pp. 465-489.

Colombo, Emanuele, "Jesuits and Islam in Early Modern Europe", in Ines G. Županov (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Jesuits, New York, Oxford University Press, 2019, pp. 349-378. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190639631.013.14

Colombo, Emanuele, "Conversioni religiose in Calderón de la Barca: El gran príncipe de Fez (1669)", Drammaturgia, 16, 6 (2020), pp. 49-79.

Copete, Marie-Lucie and Vincent, Bernard, Missions en Bétique. Pour une typologie des missions intérieures, in Pierre-Antoine Fabre and Bernard Vincent (eds.), Missions religieuses modernes. 'Notre lieu est le monde', Rome, École française de Rome, 2007, pp. 261-285.

De Castries, Henri, Les sources inédites de l'Histoire du Maroc, Paris, Ernest Leroux Éditeur, 1922, vol. 2/1, pp. 203-240.

De Castries, Henri, "Trois Princes Marocains Convertis au Christianisme", in Memorial Henri Basset, Paris, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, 1928, vol. 1, pp. 141-158.

De Giorgi, Fulvio, "Introduzione. Rosmini e lo studio su Maria nel Corano" in Antonio Rosmini, Maria nel Corano, Brescia, Morcelliana, 2013, pp. 5-61.

Di Cesare, Michelina, The Pseudo-Historical Image of the Prophet Muḥammad in Medieval Latin Literature: a Repertory, Berlin-Boston, De Gruyter, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110263831

Dubrau, Alexander A., Scotto, Davide and Vimercati Sanseverino Ruggero, "Introduction. Religious Transfer in the History of the Abrahamic Religions. Theoretical mplications and Case Studies", in Alexander A. Dubrau, Davide Scotto and Ruggero Vimercati Sanseverino (eds.), Transfer and Religion. Interactions between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century, Tübingen, Mohr Siebeck 2020, pp. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1628/978-3-16-156984-5

Echevarría, Ana, "El Miʿradj en la literatura castellana del siglo XV", Mediaevalia. Textos e Estudos, 5-6 (1994), pp. 231-246.

Echevarría, Ana, "Liber scalae Machometti", in David Thomas and Alex Mallett (eds.), Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. (1200-1350), Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 425-428.

Echevarría, Ana, "La reescritura del Libro de la escala de Mahoma con fines polémicos (ss. XIII-XV)", Cahiers d'études hispaniques médiévales (dir. C. Heusch and G. Martin), theme issue Réécriture et falsification dans l'Espagne médiévale, 29 (2006), pp. 173-199. https://doi.org/10.3406/cehm.2006.1964

Elsheikh, Mahmoud Salem, "Lettura (faziosa) dell'episodio di Muhammad: Inferno XXVIII", Quaderni di Filologia Romanza, 23 (2015), pp. 263-299.

Espagne, Michel and Werner, Michael (eds.), Transferts. Les Relations interculturelles dans l'espace franco-allemand (XVIIIe et XIXe siècle), Paris, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, 1988.

Freller, Thomas, "Osman and Muhammad el-Attaz, Muslim Princes Converted to Christianity and their Role in 'the 'Holy War' Against Islam", Meah, 65 (2016), pp. 21-50, [online] , available on: <http://hdl.handle.net/10481/39573> [consulted 25/05/2021] .

García-Arenal, Mercedes and Rodríguez Mediano, Fernando, The Orient in Spain. Converted Muslims, The Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism, Leiden, Brill, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004250291

García Goldáraz S.I., Carlos, Baltasar Loyola Mandes, S.I. Hijo del rey de Fez. Extracto de la tesis de doctorado en la facultad de misionologia de la Universidad Gregoriana, Burgos, Imprenta Aldecoa, 1944.

Gargan, Luciano, Dante, la sua biblioteca e lo Studio di Bologna, Roma-Padova, Editrice Antenore, 2014.

Gilliot, Claude, "Portrait mythique d'Ibn Abbās", Arabica, 32 (1985), pp. 127-183. https://doi.org/10.1163/157005885X00010

Glei, Reinhold F. and Tottoli, Roberto, Ludovico Marracci at work. The evolution of his Latin translation of the Qu'rān in the light of his newly discovered manuscripts. With an edition and a comparative linguistic analysis of Sura 18, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2016. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc770bd

Gordon, Bruno, "Machumetis Saracenorum Principis, Eiusque Successorum Vitae, Ac Doctrina, Ipseque Alcoran", in David Thomas and John A. Chesworth (eds.), Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Western Europe (1500-1600), Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2014, Vol. 6, pp. 680-685.

Guillaume, Alfred, New Light on the Life of Muhammad, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1960, Journal of Semitic Studies Monograph no.1.

Guillaume, Jean-Patrick, "Le texte sous le texte: les sources du Livre de l'Échelle et le thème du miʿrāj", in Gisèle Besson and Michèle Brossard-Dandré (eds.), Livre de l'Èchelle de Mahomet. Liber Scale Machometi, Paris, Le Livre de Poche, 1991, pp. 39-53.

Kuschel, Karl-Josef, Natale e il Corano, Brescia, Queriniana, 2011. (Orig. Weinachten und der Koran, Düsseldorf, Patmos Verla, 2008).

Lebessou, Louis, "Le seconde vie d'un sultan du Maroc", Études, 123 (1910), pp. 488-498.

Ledóchowski, Wlodimir, "De Mahumetanorum conversione rite paranda et promovenda", in Acta Romana Societatis Iesu, Roma, 1937, vol. 8, fasc. 3, pp. 784-792.

Longoni, Anna, "Introduzione", in Anna Longoni and Maria Corti (eds.), Il Libro della scala di Maometto, Milano, Rizzoli, 2013, pp. I-LVIII

Mancini, Augusto, "Per lo studio della leggenda di Maometto in Occidente", in Rendiconti della Reale Accademia nazionale dei Lincei. Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, 6, 10 (1934), pp. 325-349.

Maser, Matthias, "Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada", in David Thomas and Alex Mallett (eds.), Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. (1200-1350), Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2012, vol. 4, pp. 350-355.

McMichael, Steven J., "The Night Journey (al-isrāʾ) and Ascent (al-miʿrāj) of Muhammad in medieval Muslim and Christian perspectives", Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, 22, 3 (2011), pp. 293-309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2011.586510

Merad, Ali, "Le Christ selon l'Islam", Revue de l'Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée, 5 (1968), pp. 79-94. https://doi.org/10.3406/remmm.1968.983

Mérigoux o.p., Jean-Marie, "L'ouvrage d'un frère prêcheur florentin en orient à la fin du XIII ͤ siècle", Memorie Domenicane, 17 (1986), pp. 1-58.

Miller, Gregory J., "Theodor Bibliander's Machumetis Saracenorum Principis Eiusque Successorum Vitae, Doctrina Ac Ipse Alcoran (1543) as the Sixteenth-Century 'encyclopedia' of Islam", Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 24, 2 (2013), pp. 241-254. https://doi.org/10.1080/09596410.2013.772329

Monfrin, Jacques, "Les sources arabes de la Divine Comédie et la traduction francaise du Livre de l'ascensione de Mahomet", Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, 109, 2 (1951), pp. 277-290. https://doi.org/10.3406/bec.1951.449448

Mulsow, Martin, "Socinianism, Islam and the Radical Uses of Arabic Scholarship", Al-Qanṭara, 31, 2 (2010), pp. 549-586. https://doi.org/10.3989/alqantara.2010.v31.i2.242

Muranyi, Miklos, "Ibn Isḥāq's Kitāb al-Maġāzī in der Riwāya von Yūnus b. Bukayr", Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 14 (1991), pp. 214-275.

Nallino, Carlo Alfonso, Le fonti arabo manoscritte dell'opera di Ludovico Marracci sul Corano, in Carlo Alfonso Nallino (ed.), Raccolta di scritti editi e inediti a cura di Maria Nallino, Roma, Istituto per l'Oriente, 1940, pp. 90-134.

Németh, Csaba, "Paulus Raptus to Raptus Pauli: Paul's Rapture (2 Cor 12:2-4) in the Pre-Scholastic and Scholastic Theologies", in Steven Cartwright (ed.), A Companion to St. Paul in the Middle Ages, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2013, Brill's Companions to the Christian Tradition, pp. 349-392. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004236721_014

Nongbri, Brent, Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept, New Haven, Yale University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300154160.001.0001

O'Malley, John W., The First Jesuits. Cambridge, MA-London, Harvard University Press, 1993.

O'Meara, Thomas F., "The Theology and Times of William of Tripoli", Theological Studies, 69 (2008), pp. 80-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/004056390806900104

Pick, Lucy K., "What did Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada Know About Islam?", Anuario de Historia de la Iglesia, 20 (2011), pp. 221-235, [online] , available on: <https://hdl.handle.net/10171/22347> [consulted 17/05/2021] .

Pioletti, Antonio, "Del Libro della Scala e altro: il canone letterario e i modelli narrativi orientali", in Roberto Antonelli, Martin Glessgen and Paul Videsott (eds.), Atti del XXVIII Congresso internazionale di linguistica e filologia romanza. Roma, 18-23 luglio 2016, Strasbourg, Edition du linguistique et de philologie, pp. 223-233.

Pouzet, Louis, "Motivations et contributions des Jésuites dans les etudes islamiques", in Meeting of Jesuits in Islamic Studies: Proceedings and Paper, Sayyidat al-Biʾr, Lebanon, 15-19 June 1983, Roma, 1983, pp. 157-169.

Reinhard, Wolfgang, "Religione e identità - Identità e religione. Un'introduzione", in Paolo Prodi and Wolfgang Reinhard (eds.), Identità collettive tra Medioevo ed età moderna, Bologna, Clueb, 2002, pp. 87-124.

Rippin, Andrew, "John the Baptist", in Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2003, vol. III, pp. 51-52.

Rizzardi, Giuseppe, "La 'Cristologia coránica' di Guglielmo di Tripoli", Teologia, 9, 3 (1984), pp. 231-238.

Robinson, Neal, "Jesus", in Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2003, vol. III, pp. 7-20.

Rodríguez-Gallego, Fernando, "Príncipes musulmanes conversos sobre las tablas: 'El bautismo del príncipe de Marruecos', de Lope, y 'El gran príncipe de Fez', de Calderón", Hipogrifo, 7 (2019), pp. 545-577. https://doi.org/10.13035/H.2019.07.02.42

Rossini, Manuela and Toggweiler, Michael, "Cultural Transfer: an Introduction", Word and Text, A Journal of Literary Studies and Linguistics, 4, 2 (2014), pp. 5-9.

Rubin, Uri, The Eye of the Beholder. The Life of Muḥammad as Viewed by the Early Muslims. A Textual Analysis, Princeton, The Darwin Press, Inc., 1995.

Rubin, Uri, "Prophets and Prophethood", in Andrew Rippin (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to the Qurʾān, Malden-Oxford-Victoria, Blackwell Publishing, 2006, pp. 234-247. https://doi.org/10.1111/b.9781405117524.2006.00017.x

Ruiu, Adina, "Conflicting Visions of the Jesuit Missions to the Ottoman Empire, 1609-1628", Journal of Jesuit Studies, 1 (2014), pp. 260-280. https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00102007

Schadler, Peter, John of Damascus and Islam: Christian Heresiology and the Intellectual Background to Earliest Christian-Muslim Relations, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004356054

Schloesser, Stephen, "Recent Works in Jesuit Philosophy Vicissitudes of Rhetorical Accommodation", Journal of Jesuit Studies, 1 (2014), pp. 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00101007

Shore, Paul, "Contact, Confrontation, Accommodation: Jesuits and Islam, 1540-1770", Al-Qanṭara, 36, 2 (2015), pp. 429-441. https://doi.org/10.3989/alqantara.2015.012

Shore, Paul, "Lexical Choice and Rhetorical Expression in Ignazio Lomellini's 1622 Translation of and Commentary on the Qurʾān", The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences, 35, 3 (2018), pp. 35-67. https://doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v35i3.93

Starczewska, Katarzyna K., "No es esto sino hystorias de los antiguos: Between Medieval and Early Modern Narrations in Juan Andrés' Confusión", Medievalia 18, 1 (2015), pp. 217-227. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/medievalia.313

Szpiech, Ryan, "Preaching Paul to the Moriscos: the Confusión o confutación de la secta mahomética y del Alcorán (1515) of 'Juan Andrés'", La Corónica, 41 (2012), pp. 317-343. https://doi.org/10.1353/cor.2012.0041

Thomson, David, "Dante and Bernard Silvestris", Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 1 (1970), pp. 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1484/J.VIATOR.2.301716

Tolan, John, "Pedro Pascual", in David Thomas and Alex Mallet (eds.), Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. (1200-1350), Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2012, Vol. 4, pp. 673-677.

Tommasino, Pier Mattia, L'Alcorano di Macometto. Storia di un libro del Cinquecento europeo, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2013.

Tommasino, Pier Mattia, "Bulghaith al-Darawi and Barthélemy d'Herbelot: Readers of the Qur'an in Seventeenth-Century Tuscany", Journal of Qurʾanic Studies, 20, 3 (2018), pp. 94-120. https://doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2018.0353

Tottoli, Roberto, I profeti biblici nella tradizione islamica, Brescia, Paideia, 1999.

Tottoli, Roberto, "Two Kitāb al-miʿrāj in the manuscripts collection of the Paul Kahle Library of the University of Turin", in Pier Giorgio Borbone, Alessandro Mengozzi and Mauro Tosco (eds.), Loquentes linguis. Studi linguistici e orientali in onore di Fabrizio A. Pennacchietti, Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz, 2006, pp. 703-710.

Tottoli, Roberto, "Tours of Hell and Punishments of Sinners in Mi'rāj Narratives: Use and Meaning of Eschatology in Muḥammad's Ascension", in Christiane J. Gruber and Frederick S. Colby (eds.), The Prophet's Ascension. Cross-Cultural Encounters with the Islamic Miʿrāj Tales, Bloomington-Indianapolis, Indiana University Press, 2010, pp. 11-26.

Tottoli, Roberto, "Muslim Eschatology and the Ascension of the Prophet Muḥammad: Describing Paradise in Miʿrāj Traditions and Literature", in Sebastian Günther and Todd Lawson (eds.), Roads to Paradise. Eschatology and Concepts of the Hereafter in Islam. Continuity and Change. The Plurality of the Eschatological Representations in the Islamicate World, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2017, vol. 2, pp. 858-890, Islamic History and Civilization Volume, 136. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004333154_042 PMid:29997422 PMCid:PMC6036638

Valcárcel, Vitalino, "La Vita Mahometi del códice 10 de Uncastillo (s.XIII): estudio y edición", in Maurilio Pérez González, (coord.), Actas del III Congreso Hispánico del Latín Medieval (León, 26-29 de Septiembre de 2001), León, Universidad de León, 2002, vol. 1, pp. 211-245, [online] , available on: <http://hdl.handle.net/10810/16699> [consulted 25/05/2021] .

Vázquez Ruiz, David, "Una aproximación al Manuductio ad conversionem Mahumetanorum de Tirso González de Santalla", Myrtia, 30 (2015), pp. 215-227, [online] , available on: <https://revistas.um.es/myrtia/article/view/250021> [consulted 25/05/2021] .

Vigliano, Tristan, "Blaise de Vigenère et les traductions du miraj ou l'ascension nocturne de Mahomet comme chimère horatienne", Travaux de littérature, 31 (2018), pp. 111-124.

Vincent, Bernard, "Les jésuites et l'Islam méditerranéen", in Bartolomé Bennassar and Robert Sauzet (eds.), Chrétiens et musulmans à la Renaissance. Actes du 37ͤ colloque International du CESR, Paris, Honoré Champion, 1998, pp. 518-531.

Vincent, Bernard, "Musulmans et conversion en Espagne au XVIIe siècle", in Mercedes García-Arenal (ed.), Conversions islamiques: identités religieuses en Islam méditerranéen, Paris, Maisonneuve et Larose, 2002, pp. 193-203.

Zilio-Grandi, Ida, "Introduzione", in Ida Zilio-Grandi (ed.), Il viaggio notturno e l'ascensione del profeta, Torino, Einaudi, 2010, pp. XVII-XLI.